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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Mere evidence rule ： ウィキペディア英語版 Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. ==Origins== The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the United States Supreme Court in the case ''Boyd v. United States''.〔Stanton D. Krauss, ''The Life and Times of Boyd v. United States (1886-1976)'', 76 Mich. L. Rev. 184, 212 (1977)〕 In ''Boyd'', the Court ruled that a statute that compelled the production of documents as part of an investigation into the payment of duties was a violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. The Court reasoned that the defendant had a superior property right in the papers, and that compelling their production as evidence was compelled self-incrimination.〔''Boyd v. United States'', 116 U.S. 616 (1886)〕 The mere evidence rule was solidified in the case ''Gouled v. United States''. In ''Gouled'', the Court found a Fourth Amendment violation when a warrant was used to obtain the defendant's documents that were later used at trial. ''Gouled'' also suggested that more than just papers were categorically protected by the Fourth Amendment.〔''Gouled v. United States'', 255 U.S. 298 (1921)〕 This led to the classic articulation of the mere evidence rule, which stated that the Fourth Amendment allowed only search and seizure of instrumentalities, fruits of the crime, and contraband, and that mere evidence could not be searched or seized.〔''Warden, Maryland Penitentiary v. Hayden'', 387 U.S. 294 (1967)〕 The mere evidence rule was praised as a valuable protection of individual privacy. In ''United States v. Poller'', Judge Learned Hand observed that "limitations upon the fruit to be gathered tend to limit the quest itself."〔''United States v. Poller'', 43 F.2d 911, 914 (2nd Cir. 1930)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mere evidence rule」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.